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Reference

Works Cited

Every source cited across the Evolution of the Face tour and its deep dives, gathered into one master bibliography.

  1. Jacob Snow (2018). Amazon’s Face Recognition Falsely Matched 28 Members of Congress With Mugshots. American Civil Liberties Union, July 26, 2018.
  2. Blaise Agüera y Arcas, Margaret Mitchell & Alexander Todorov (2017). Physiognomy’s New Clothes. Medium, May 6, 2017.
  3. Blaise Agüera y Arcas, Alexander Todorov, & Margaret Mitchell (2018). Do Algorithms Reveal Sexual Orientation or Just Expose Our Stereotypes?. Medium.
  4. Coren L. Apicella, Anthony C. Little & Frank W. Marlowe (2007). Facial Averageness and Attractiveness in an Isolated Population of Hunter-Gatherers. Perception, 36(12), 1813–1820.
  5. Franz Boas (1912). Changes in the Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. American Anthropologist, 14(3), 530–562.
  6. Paul Broca (1875). Instructions craniométriques. Bulletins de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris, 2e série, 10, 429–435.
  7. Joy Buolamwini (2023). Unmasking AI: My Mission to Protect What Is Human in a World of Machines. New York: Random House.
  8. Buolamwini, J., & Gebru, T. (2018). Gender Shades: Intersectional Accuracy Disparities in Commercial Gender Classification. Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, 81, 77–91.
  9. Petrus Camper (1791). Dissertation physique sur les différences réelles que présentent les traits du visage chez les hommes de différents pays et de différents âges. Utrecht: B. Wild & J. Altheer.
  10. Robert Chesney & Danielle Citron (2019). Deep Fakes: A Looming Challenge for Privacy, Democracy, and National Security. California Law Review, 107(6), 1753–1819.
  11. Rosagemma Ciliberti, Francesca Monza, Francesco De Stefano & Marta Licata (2018). The trial of the skull studied by the founder of Criminal Anthropology: The war of the Lombroso Museum. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 59, 13–15. Lombroso’s “flaming sky” account is quoted from Criminal Man, trans. Mary Gibson & Nicole Hahn Rafter (Duke University Press, 2006).
  12. Simon A. Cole (2001). Suspect Identities: A History of Fingerprinting and Criminal Identification. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  13. Samantha Cole (2017). AI-assisted fake porn is here […]. Motherboard / VICE, December 11, 2017, tracing the term “deepfake” to an anonymous Reddit user.
  14. Columbia Daily Spectator (1933). “Nazis Burn Boas’ Books Today; Anthropologist ‘Not Interested.’” May 10, 1933. Archived in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum newspaper collection.
  15. Michael Coquerelle et al. (2013). Infant Growth Patterns of the Mandible in Modern Humans: A Closer Exploration of the Developmental Interactions Between the Symphyseal Bone, the Teeth, and the Suprahyoid and Tongue Muscle Insertion Sites. Journal of Anatomy, 222(2), 178–192.
  16. Robert S. Corruccini (1984). An Epidemiologic Transition in Dental Occlusion in World Populations. American Journal of Orthodontics, 86(5), 419–426.
  17. Robert S. Corruccini & Robert M. Beecher (1982). Occlusal variation related to soft diet in a nonhuman primate. Science, 218(4567), 74–76.
  18. Robert S. Corruccini & L. D. Whitley (1981). Occlusal variation in a rural Kentucky community. American Journal of Orthodontics, 79(3), 250–262.
  19. David J. Daegling (1993). Functional Morphology of the Human Chin. Evolutionary Anthropology, 1(5), 170–177.
  20. Raymond A. Dart (1925). “Australopithecus africanus: The Man-Ape of South Africa.” Nature 115: 195–199.
  21. Charles Darwin (1887). The Autobiography of Charles Darwin, chapter 2. Darwin Correspondence Project, “Joseph Simms, physiognomy”.
  22. Patrizia Defabianis, Rossella Ninivaggi & Federica Romano (2023). Dentoskeletal features and growth pattern in Beckwith-Wiedemann spectrum: is surgical tongue reduction always necessary? Clinical Oral Investigations, 27(8), 4271–4277.
  23. Isabelle De Groote, Linus Girdland Flink, Rizwaan Abbas, et al. (2016). “New genetic and morphological evidence suggests a single hoaxer created ‘Piltdown man’.” Royal Society Open Science 3(8): 160328.
  24. U.S. Immigration Commission (Dillingham Commission) (1911). Dictionary of Races or Peoples, compiled by Daniel Folkmar with Elnora C. Folkmar. Washington: Government Printing Office.
  25. Minneapolis Institute of Art (n.d.). Collection record, Doryphoros (Spear Bearer), Roman marble copy after Polykleitos, documenting the carved marble support strut absent from the lost bronze original.
  26. John Langdon H. Down (1866). Observations on an Ethnic Classification of Idiots. London Hospital Reports, 3, 259–262. Retired from clinical use by the World Health Organization in 1965 following a 1961 letter from nineteen geneticists.
  27. E. Lloyd DuBrul & Harry Sicher (1954). The Adaptive Chin. Charles C Thomas.
  28. Albrecht Dürer (1528). Hierinn sind begriffen vier Bücher von menschlicher Proportion. Nuremberg: Hieronymus Andreae Formschneider.
  29. Charles Fergus (2003). Boas, Bones, and Race. Penn State Research (Pennsylvania State University), April 30, 2003.
  30. J. W. Froehlich (1970). Migration and the plasticity of physique in the Japanese-Americans of Hawaii. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 32(3), 429–442. Reanalyzing the 1930s Hawaii fieldwork of H. L. Shapiro.
  31. Francis Galton (1878). Composite portraits, made by combining those of many different persons into a single figure. Nature, 18(447), 97–100.
  32. Francis Galton (1908). Memories of My Life, chapter XXI. London: Methuen & Co.
  33. General Dental Council (2024). Online Register Record, Michael Gordon Mew (GDC No. 69138): Professional Conduct Committee order of 6 November 2024 erasing Mr Mew from the register following a fitness-to-practise finding of misconduct; see also Scottish Dental Magazine, "Dentist Struck Off for 'Inappropriate and Misleading' Treatment" (12 November 2024).
  34. Ian J. Goodfellow, Jean Pouget-Abadie, Mehdi Mirza, Bing Xu, David Warde-Farley, Sherjil Ozair, Aaron Courville, & Yoshua Bengio (2014). Generative Adversarial Networks. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 27, 2672–2680.
  35. Martin Giles (2018). The GANfather: The man who’s given machines the gift of imagination. MIT Technology Review, Feb 21, 2018.
  36. Jackie Snow (2018). Google Photos still has a problem with gorillas. MIT Technology Review, Jan 11, 2018. Original 2015 incident reported by Jacky Alciné.
  37. Stephen Jay Gould (1997). The exaptive excellence of spandrels as a term and prototype. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 94(20), 10750–10755.
  38. Clarence C. Gravlee, H. Russell Bernard & William R. Leonard (2003). Heredity, Environment, and Cranial Form: A Reanalysis of Boas's Immigrant Data. American Anthropologist, 105(1), 125–138.
  39. Clarence C. Gravlee, William W. Dressler & H. Russell Bernard (2005). Skin color, social classification, and blood pressure in southeastern Puerto Rico. American Journal of Public Health, 95(12), 2191–2197.
  40. Flora Gröning, Jia Liu, Michael J. Fagan & Paul O'Higgins (2011). Why Do Humans Have Chins? Testing the Mechanical Significance of Modern Human Symphyseal Morphology with Finite Element Analysis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 144(4), 593–606.
  41. Harriet Hall (2015). Weston Price’s Appalling Legacy. Science-Based Medicine, October 13, 2015.
  42. Brian Hare, Victoria Wobber & Richard Wrangham (2012). The self-domestication hypothesis: evolution of bonobo psychology is due to selection against aggression. Animal Behaviour, 83(3), 573–585.
  43. Eric Holland (2008). Marquardt’s Phi Mask: Pitfalls of Relying on Fashion Models and the Golden Ratio to Describe a Beautiful Face. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, 32(2), 200–208.
  44. Nathan E. Holton et al. (2015). The Ontogeny of the Chin: An Analysis of Allometric and Biomechanical Scaling. Journal of Anatomy, 226(6), 549–559.
  45. William W. Howells (1973). Cranial Variation in Man: A Study by Multivariate Analysis of Patterns of Difference among Recent Human Populations. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, 67, 1–259.
  46. Ionut Ichim, Michael V. Swain & John A. Kieser (2006). Mandibular Biomechanics and Development of the Human Chin. Journal of Dental Research, 85(7), 638–642.
  47. Richard L. Jantz & Michael H. Logan (2010). Why does head form change in children of immigrants? A reappraisal. American Journal of Human Biology, 22(5), 702–707.
  48. Corey S. Sparks & Richard L. Jantz (2003). Changing Times, Changing Faces: Franz Boas's Immigrant Study in Modern Perspective. American Anthropologist, 105(2), 333–337.
  49. William T. Jarvis (1981). The Myth of the Healthy Savage. Nutrition Today, 16(2), 14–22.
  50. William M. London (2016). Quack busters’ leader William Jarvis dies at eighty. Skeptical Inquirer, March 22, 2016, on Jarvis co-founding (1976) the group that became the National Council Against Health Fraud after the laetrile campaign.
  51. Nancy Kanwisher, Josh McDermott & Marvin M. Chun (1997). The Fusiform Face Area: A Module in Human Extrastriate Cortex Specialized for Face Perception. Journal of Neuroscience, 17(11), 4302–4311.
  52. Kosinski, M. (2021). Facial Recognition Technology Can Expose Political Orientation From Naturalistic Facial Images. Scientific Reports, 11, Article 100.
  53. Michal Kosinski, Poruz Khambatta & Yilun Wang (2024). Facial recognition technology and human raters can predict political orientation from images of expressionless faces even when controlling for demographics and self-presentation. American Psychologist, 79(7), 942–955.
  54. Christa Kuljian (2025). Contesting a legendary legacy: A century of reflection on Raymond Dart and the Taung skull. South African Journal of Science, 121(1/2), Art. #18323.
  55. Judith H. Langlois, Lori A. Roggman, Rita J. Casey, et al. (1987). Infant preferences for attractive faces: Rudiments of a stereotype? Developmental Psychology, 23(3), 363–369.
  56. Judith H. Langlois & Lori A. Roggman (1990). Attractive Faces Are Only Average. Psychological Science, 1(2), 115–121.
  57. Johann Caspar Lavater (1772). Von der Physiognomik. Leipzig: Weidmanns Erben und Reich.
  58. Johann Caspar Lavater (1775). Physiognomische Fragmente, zur Beförderung der Menschenkenntniss und Menschenliebe. Leipzig und Winterthur: Weidmanns Erben und Reich, und Heinrich Steiner und Compagnie.
  59. Jason E. Lewis, David DeGusta, Marc R. Meyer, et al. (2011). “The Mismeasure of Science: Stephen Jay Gould versus Samuel George Morton on Skulls and Bias.” PLoS Biology 9(6): e1001071.
  60. Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1778). Über Physiognomik, wider die Physiognomen, zur Beförderung der Menschenliebe und Menschenkenntniß. Göttingen: Johann Christian Dieterich.
  61. Frank B. Livingstone (1962). On the Non-Existence of Human Races. Current Anthropology, 3(3), 279–281.
  62. Cesare Lombroso (1876). L'uomo delinquente, studiato in rapporto alla antropologia, alla medicina legale ed alle discipline carcerarie. Milano: Hoepli.
  63. Cesare Lombroso (1909). After Death—What? Spiritistic Phenomena and Their Interpretation. Boston: Small, Maynard & Co. (translation of Ricerche sui fenomeni ipnotici e spiritici, Turin: UTET). Séances with Eusapia Palladino began in 1891.
  64. George Markowsky (1992). Misconceptions about the golden ratio. The College Mathematics Journal, 23(1), 2–19.
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  69. Stephen D. Ousley, Richard L. Jantz, & Donna Freid (2009). Understanding Race and Human Variation: Why Forensic Anthropologists Are Good at Identifying Race. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 139(1), 68–76.
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  72. Niels Christian Pausch, Franziska Naether & Karl Friedrich Krey (2015). Tutankhamun’s dentition: the pharaoh and his teeth. Brazilian Dental Journal, 26(6), 701–704.
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